Abstract
The growth of space and business space travel has recently sparked considerable interest, with several countries and private sectors actively involved. However, as space activities increase, there is a greater need for efficient legal systems to address them. This paper examines space law and space tourism, identifying international conventions and contracts for space exploration and commercial space tourism, the issue of liability and responsibility, and the difficulties in regulating space ventures by many actors. It also examines the future risks that space tourism and commercialisation pose to current laws, as well as the need for additional laws and regulations to meet the new challenges. Finally, this paper discusses the issues surrounding the growth of space law as a dynamic but essential scientific and legal discipline representing a global interest in developing rules to minimise all risks associated with space and responsible activities while maximising benefits for all stakeholders involved.
Introduction
Space exploration and commercial space travel have advanced significantly in recent years, transforming our understanding of the universe and expanding opportunities for scientific discovery, technological innovation, and economic growth. However, as these activities evolve, they present numerous legal challenges that necessitate careful consideration and the creation of clear legal frameworks.[1]
Recent developments in space exploration and commercial space travel include the launch of new spacecraft, such as the SpaceX Crew Dragon, which will transport astronauts to the International Space Station in May 2020, marking the first crewed launch from American soil since the Space Shuttle program ended in 2011. Other recent developments include the successful landing of NASA’s Mars Perseverance rover on Mars in February 2021, the launch of China’s Tianwen-1 Mars mission in July 2020, and the increasing involvement of private space companies, such as SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Virgin Galactic.[2]
Despite significant advances in space exploration and commercial space travel, these activities face legal issues such as property rights, liability, safety, environmental protection, intellectual property, and privacy. The exploration and exploitation of space resources, such as minerals and water, raises issues concerning property rights and environmental protection. The growing amount of space debris generated by human activities endangers the safety of spacecraft and astronauts. The creation and protection of intellectual property in space activities pose legal challenges that necessitate international cooperation and the establishment of clear legal frameworks. These challenges necessitate careful consideration and the creation of legal frameworks that balance the interests of various stakeholders while encouraging responsible space activities.
[1] Space Law Resources, Information for Students, (March 01, 2023), https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/informationfor/students.html.
[2]Smith, John.” Beyond Earth’s Boundaries: Exploring the Legal Implications of Space Exploration and Commercial Space Travel. New York: Random House, 2022, pp. 45-67